Publications
Journal Papers:
[1] Jose-Oscar Fajardo, Fidel Liberal, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Lingfen Sun, Harilaos Koumaras. QoE-driven dynamic management proposals for 3G VoIP services Computer Communications. Elsevier, Vol 33, Issue 14 (Sep 2010), pp 1707 - 1724.
[2] E Jammeh, I Mkwawa, L Sun and E Ifeachor. Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a PQoS Driven Adaptive VoIP Scheme. IET Electronics Letters, Vol 46, Issue 2, pp 137 - 138, Jan 2010.
[3] E Jammeh, I Mkwawa, A Khan, M Goudarzi, L Sun and E Ifeachor. Quality of Experience (QoE) Driven Adaptation Scheme for Voice and Video over IP Telecommunication Systems Journal. Springer, Special Issue: Quality of Experience Issues in Multimedia Provision, 2010.
[4] D.D.Kouvatsos, I.M.Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Interconnection Networks with Bursty Background Traffic. Journal of Computation and Concurrency: Practice and Experience (CCPE). JohnWiley and Sons, ISSN: 1040-3108. (16): pp.1365-1383, 2004.
[5] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Broadcasting Schemes for Hypercubes with Background Traffic. Journal of Systems and Software. Elsevier, ISSN: 0164-1212. (73): 1, pp.3-14, 2004.
[6] I.M.Mkwawa and D.D.Kouvatsos. An Optimal Neighbourhood Broadcasting Scheme for Star Interconnection Networks. Journal of Interconnection Networks. World Scientific, ISSN: 0219-2659. (4): 1, pp.103-112, 2003.
[7] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Grid Computing Networks with Background Traffic. IEE, Software. IEE, ISSN: 1462-5970. (150): 4, pp.257-264, 2003.
Book Chapters:
[1] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa and Demetres D. Kouvatsos Broadcasting Methods in MANETS. An Overview. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 767 - 783, 2011.
[2] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, D.D.Kouvatsos and Adrian Popescu. Overlay Networks and Graph Theoretic Concepts. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 1039 - 1054, 2011.
[3] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, Wolfgang Brandstatter, Gerhard Horak, Alfons Geier and Christoforos Kavadias, Performance Modelling and Evaluation of a Mobility Management Mechanism in IMS-based Networks. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 594 - 611, 2011.
Conference/Workshop Papers:
[1] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh and Lingfen Sun. Mapping of Received Signal Strength Indicator to QoE in VoIP Applications in WLAN. QoMEX 2012, Yarra Valley, Australia, 5 – 7 July 2012.
[2] Asiya Khan, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor. QoE-driven Sender Bitrate Adaptation Scheme for Video Applications over IP Multimedia Subsystem. IEEE ICC, 2011, Kyoto Japan, 5-9 June 2011
[3] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor. Feedback-free early VoIP quality adaptation scheme in next generation networks. IEEE Globecom, Dec 2010.
[4] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun, Asiya Khan and Emmanuel Ifeachor. Open IMS Core with VoIP Quality Adaptation. The Fifth International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems ICAS 2009. IEEE, Valencia, Spain, 20/April- 25/April, 2009.
[5] Mkwawa, I. M. Kouvatsos, D. D.. Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Handover Mechanism in IP Multimedia Subsystems. Systems and Networks Communications, 2008. ICSNC 08. 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, ISBN: 9780769533711, pp.223-228. 26/Oct- 31/Oct, 2008.
[6] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Performance Modelling and Evaluation of IP Multimedia Subsystems. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.67-79. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[7] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Overlay Networks and Graph Theoretic Concepts. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.34-45. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[8] Salam Assi, Demetres Kouvatsos, Is-Haka Mkwawa and Kevin Smith. A Unified ME Decomposition Algorithm of Open Queueing Network Models with Blocking. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.2-26. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[9] I.M.Mkwawa, D.D.Kouvatsos (University of Bradford, UK) and A. Popescu (Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden). On the Decomposition of Topology Aware Overlay Networks: An Information Theoretic Approach. Technical Report RS-OCT06-02. UoB, 01/March- 04/March, 2007.
[10]Wolfgang Brandstaetter and Boris Grabner (Telekom Austria AG, Austria) Vangellis Kollias and Effie Makri (Teletel SA, Greece), Alfons Geier (Siemns AG, Germany) JoachimWintterle and Arnold Eppler (Alcatel SEL, Germany), George Kapelios (Voiceglobe sprl, Greece) Spyros Tombros and Michael Karagiogidis (Keletron, Greece), Lisa Ritsie (Solinet GmbH, Germany) Demetres Kouvatsos and Is-Haka Mkwawa (University of Bradford, UK) Ramon Rodelgo and Juan J. Garcia de Soria (Telefonica I+D, Spain), Georgios Loucos (Tellas SA, Greece) Odysseas Koufopavlou and Spyros Denarius (University of Patras, Greece). VITAL - Enabling Convergence of IP Multimedia Services over Next Generation Networks Technology: An Overview. Fourth InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks UK, ISBN: 23224567, pp.T23-T23. 11/Sept- 13/Sept, 2006.
[11] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Group Communication in Interconnection Networks and Queueing Network Models. Fourth InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks UK, ISBN: 23224567, pp.T05-T05. 11/Sept- 13/Sept, 2006.
[12] Alexey Lastovetsky, Is-Haka Mkwawa and Maureen OFlynn. Modeling Performance of Many-to-One Collective Communication Operations in Heterogeneous Clusters. Techncal Report. UCD, ISBN: Technical Repor, pp.1-7. 01/Sept- 01/Sept, 2006.
[13] A. Lastovetsky, I. Mkwawa and M. O’flynn. An Accurate Communication Model of a Heterogeneous Cluster Based on a Switch-Enabled Ethernet Network. 12th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed System (ICPADS 2006). IEEE-Computer Society. pp. 15-20
[14] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Broadcasting Methods in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: An Overview. Proceedings of the 3rd InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks, ISBN: 0-9550624-2-X, pp.T9/1-14. 18/July- 20/July, 2005.
[15] Demetres Kouvatsos, Salam Adli Assi, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Vicente Casares Giner, Hermann DeMeer and Amine Houyou. An Information Theoretic Approach to Mobility Management: An Overview. Proceedings of the 3rd InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks, ISBN: 0-9550624-2-X, pp.T10/-25. 18/July- 20/July, 2005.
[16] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Group Communication in Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). EuroNGi Network of Excellence. Deliverable No: D.WP.JRA.3.2. Chapter 5. June, 2004 [17] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Interconnection Networks with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 17th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1926-1, pp.282-289. 22/April- 26/April, 2003.
[18] D.D.Kouvatsos, I.M.Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Hypercubes with Background Traffic. 36th Annual, Simulation Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1911-3, pp.127-134. 30/March- 02/April, 2003.
[19] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Optimal Broadcasting and Multicasting Schemes in Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 1st InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HETNets ‘03). Networks UK, ISBN: 0-9540151-3-4, pp.1-33. 21/July- 23/July, 2003. Tutorial Paper.
[20] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Grid Computing Networks with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 19th UK Performance Engineering. WarwickPrint, ISBN: 0-9541000-2-6, pp.117-130. 09/July- 10/July, 2003.
[21] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting Schemes for Cayley Graphs with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 4th Annual PGNet Symposium. John Moores University, ISBN: 1-9025-6009-4, pp.143-148. 16/June- 17/June, 2003.
[22] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. One-to-all broadcasting scheme for static interconnection networks with arbitrary topology. Proceedings of the 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1926-1, pp.260-265.
[23] D. D. Kouvatsos, I. M. Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Static Weighted Hypercubes. Proceedings of the 18th UK Performance Engineering. University of Glasgow, ISBN: 0-9541000-1-8, pp.1-9. 10/July- 11/July, 2002.
[24] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. One to All Broadcasting Scheme for weighted Interconnection Networks with Arbitrary topology. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 086, pp.198-203. 17/June- 18/June, 2002.
[25] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting Scheme for Star Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 078, pp.84-88. 18/June- 19/June, 2001.
[26] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. One to All Broadcasting Scheme for Arbitrary Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 078, pp.60-64. 18/June- 19/June, 2001.
[27] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Broadcasting schemes in Interconnection Networks. 1st InformaticsWorkshop for Research Students. Department of Computing, pp.1-2. 09/Nov- 09/Nov, 2000.
[28] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting schemes for Cayley graphs of Permutation groups Interconnection Networks. 3rd InformaticsWorkshop for Research Students. Department of Computing, pp.59-66. 09/Jan- 09/Jan, 2002.
[29] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Broadcasting Schemes in Interconnection Networks. 1st Networking day for Research Students. Department of Computing, 2001.
[1] Jose-Oscar Fajardo, Fidel Liberal, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Lingfen Sun, Harilaos Koumaras. QoE-driven dynamic management proposals for 3G VoIP services Computer Communications. Elsevier, Vol 33, Issue 14 (Sep 2010), pp 1707 - 1724.
[2] E Jammeh, I Mkwawa, L Sun and E Ifeachor. Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control of a PQoS Driven Adaptive VoIP Scheme. IET Electronics Letters, Vol 46, Issue 2, pp 137 - 138, Jan 2010.
[3] E Jammeh, I Mkwawa, A Khan, M Goudarzi, L Sun and E Ifeachor. Quality of Experience (QoE) Driven Adaptation Scheme for Voice and Video over IP Telecommunication Systems Journal. Springer, Special Issue: Quality of Experience Issues in Multimedia Provision, 2010.
[4] D.D.Kouvatsos, I.M.Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Interconnection Networks with Bursty Background Traffic. Journal of Computation and Concurrency: Practice and Experience (CCPE). JohnWiley and Sons, ISSN: 1040-3108. (16): pp.1365-1383, 2004.
[5] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Broadcasting Schemes for Hypercubes with Background Traffic. Journal of Systems and Software. Elsevier, ISSN: 0164-1212. (73): 1, pp.3-14, 2004.
[6] I.M.Mkwawa and D.D.Kouvatsos. An Optimal Neighbourhood Broadcasting Scheme for Star Interconnection Networks. Journal of Interconnection Networks. World Scientific, ISSN: 0219-2659. (4): 1, pp.103-112, 2003.
[7] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Grid Computing Networks with Background Traffic. IEE, Software. IEE, ISSN: 1462-5970. (150): 4, pp.257-264, 2003.
Book Chapters:
[1] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa and Demetres D. Kouvatsos Broadcasting Methods in MANETS. An Overview. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 767 - 783, 2011.
[2] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, D.D.Kouvatsos and Adrian Popescu. Overlay Networks and Graph Theoretic Concepts. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 1039 - 1054, 2011.
[3] Is-Haka M. Mkwawa, Demetres D. Kouvatsos, Wolfgang Brandstatter, Gerhard Horak, Alfons Geier and Christoforos Kavadias, Performance Modelling and Evaluation of a Mobility Management Mechanism in IMS-based Networks. Networks Performance Engineering Handbook, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS), Demetres D. Kouvatsos (Ed.), Springer, LNCS 5233, pp 594 - 611, 2011.
Conference/Workshop Papers:
[1] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh and Lingfen Sun. Mapping of Received Signal Strength Indicator to QoE in VoIP Applications in WLAN. QoMEX 2012, Yarra Valley, Australia, 5 – 7 July 2012.
[2] Asiya Khan, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor. QoE-driven Sender Bitrate Adaptation Scheme for Video Applications over IP Multimedia Subsystem. IEEE ICC, 2011, Kyoto Japan, 5-9 June 2011
[3] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun and Emmanuel Ifeachor. Feedback-free early VoIP quality adaptation scheme in next generation networks. IEEE Globecom, Dec 2010.
[4] Is-Haka Mkwawa, Emmanuel Jammeh, Lingfen Sun, Asiya Khan and Emmanuel Ifeachor. Open IMS Core with VoIP Quality Adaptation. The Fifth International Conference on Autonomic and Autonomous Systems ICAS 2009. IEEE, Valencia, Spain, 20/April- 25/April, 2009.
[5] Mkwawa, I. M. Kouvatsos, D. D.. Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Handover Mechanism in IP Multimedia Subsystems. Systems and Networks Communications, 2008. ICSNC 08. 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, ISBN: 9780769533711, pp.223-228. 26/Oct- 31/Oct, 2008.
[6] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Performance Modelling and Evaluation of IP Multimedia Subsystems. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.67-79. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[7] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Overlay Networks and Graph Theoretic Concepts. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.34-45. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[8] Salam Assi, Demetres Kouvatsos, Is-Haka Mkwawa and Kevin Smith. A Unified ME Decomposition Algorithm of Open Queueing Network Models with Blocking. HET-NETs08. BTH, pp.2-26. 18/Feb- 21/Feb, 2008.
[9] I.M.Mkwawa, D.D.Kouvatsos (University of Bradford, UK) and A. Popescu (Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden). On the Decomposition of Topology Aware Overlay Networks: An Information Theoretic Approach. Technical Report RS-OCT06-02. UoB, 01/March- 04/March, 2007.
[10]Wolfgang Brandstaetter and Boris Grabner (Telekom Austria AG, Austria) Vangellis Kollias and Effie Makri (Teletel SA, Greece), Alfons Geier (Siemns AG, Germany) JoachimWintterle and Arnold Eppler (Alcatel SEL, Germany), George Kapelios (Voiceglobe sprl, Greece) Spyros Tombros and Michael Karagiogidis (Keletron, Greece), Lisa Ritsie (Solinet GmbH, Germany) Demetres Kouvatsos and Is-Haka Mkwawa (University of Bradford, UK) Ramon Rodelgo and Juan J. Garcia de Soria (Telefonica I+D, Spain), Georgios Loucos (Tellas SA, Greece) Odysseas Koufopavlou and Spyros Denarius (University of Patras, Greece). VITAL - Enabling Convergence of IP Multimedia Services over Next Generation Networks Technology: An Overview. Fourth InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks UK, ISBN: 23224567, pp.T23-T23. 11/Sept- 13/Sept, 2006.
[11] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Group Communication in Interconnection Networks and Queueing Network Models. Fourth InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks UK, ISBN: 23224567, pp.T05-T05. 11/Sept- 13/Sept, 2006.
[12] Alexey Lastovetsky, Is-Haka Mkwawa and Maureen OFlynn. Modeling Performance of Many-to-One Collective Communication Operations in Heterogeneous Clusters. Techncal Report. UCD, ISBN: Technical Repor, pp.1-7. 01/Sept- 01/Sept, 2006.
[13] A. Lastovetsky, I. Mkwawa and M. O’flynn. An Accurate Communication Model of a Heterogeneous Cluster Based on a Switch-Enabled Ethernet Network. 12th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed System (ICPADS 2006). IEEE-Computer Society. pp. 15-20
[14] Is-Haka Mkwawa and Demetres Kouvatsos. Broadcasting Methods in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: An Overview. Proceedings of the 3rd InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks, ISBN: 0-9550624-2-X, pp.T9/1-14. 18/July- 20/July, 2005.
[15] Demetres Kouvatsos, Salam Adli Assi, Is-Haka Mkwawa, Vicente Casares Giner, Hermann DeMeer and Amine Houyou. An Information Theoretic Approach to Mobility Management: An Overview. Proceedings of the 3rd InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks. Networks, ISBN: 0-9550624-2-X, pp.T10/-25. 18/July- 20/July, 2005.
[16] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Group Communication in Wireless Ad hoc Networks (MANETs). EuroNGi Network of Excellence. Deliverable No: D.WP.JRA.3.2. Chapter 5. June, 2004 [17] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Interconnection Networks with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 17th International Parallel & Distributed Processing Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1926-1, pp.282-289. 22/April- 26/April, 2003.
[18] D.D.Kouvatsos, I.M.Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Hypercubes with Background Traffic. 36th Annual, Simulation Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1911-3, pp.127-134. 30/March- 02/April, 2003.
[19] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Optimal Broadcasting and Multicasting Schemes in Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 1st InternationalWorking Conference on Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Heterogeneous Networks (HETNets ‘03). Networks UK, ISBN: 0-9540151-3-4, pp.1-33. 21/July- 23/July, 2003. Tutorial Paper.
[20] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Multicast Communication in Grid Computing Networks with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 19th UK Performance Engineering. WarwickPrint, ISBN: 0-9541000-2-6, pp.117-130. 09/July- 10/July, 2003.
[21] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting Schemes for Cayley Graphs with Background Traffic. Proceedings of the 4th Annual PGNet Symposium. John Moores University, ISBN: 1-9025-6009-4, pp.143-148. 16/June- 17/June, 2003.
[22] D.D.Kouvatsos and I.M.Mkwawa. One-to-all broadcasting scheme for static interconnection networks with arbitrary topology. Proceedings of the 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium. IEEE Computer Society, ISBN: 0-7695-1926-1, pp.260-265.
[23] D. D. Kouvatsos, I. M. Mkwawa and I. Awan. One-to-All Broadcasting Scheme for Static Weighted Hypercubes. Proceedings of the 18th UK Performance Engineering. University of Glasgow, ISBN: 0-9541000-1-8, pp.1-9. 10/July- 11/July, 2002.
[24] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. One to All Broadcasting Scheme for weighted Interconnection Networks with Arbitrary topology. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 086, pp.198-203. 17/June- 18/June, 2002.
[25] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting Scheme for Star Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 078, pp.84-88. 18/June- 19/June, 2001.
[26] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. One to All Broadcasting Scheme for Arbitrary Interconnection Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd Annual PGNet Symposium. Liverpool John Moores University, ISBN: 1 902560 078, pp.60-64. 18/June- 19/June, 2001.
[27] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Broadcasting schemes in Interconnection Networks. 1st InformaticsWorkshop for Research Students. Department of Computing, pp.1-2. 09/Nov- 09/Nov, 2000.
[28] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Neighbourhood Broadcasting schemes for Cayley graphs of Permutation groups Interconnection Networks. 3rd InformaticsWorkshop for Research Students. Department of Computing, pp.59-66. 09/Jan- 09/Jan, 2002.
[29] D. D. Kouvatsos and I. M. Mkwawa. Broadcasting Schemes in Interconnection Networks. 1st Networking day for Research Students. Department of Computing, 2001.
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